CS 404 PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS STUDENT MANUAL-OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

CS 404 PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

STUDENT MANUAL-OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

UNIT –1

Syllabus

Embedded Computing: Introduction, Complex Systems and Microprocessor; Embedded

System Design Process, Formalisms for System Design, Design Examples. Instruction Set: Preliminaries, ARM Processor

Text Book: Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design-Wayne Wolf

Part-A(University Questions)

1 What is embedded system ?What are the various applications of ES?

2 What are the characteristics and challenges of embedded applications?

3 What is the purpose and format of CPSR, SPSR  in ARM Processor

 List the flags of ARM Processor

4 Write a assembly code segment for ARM Processor to find X=(a+b)-c

5 Compare and contrast top-down and bottom-up design

6 Difference between Von Neuman and Harvard Architecture

7 Compare and contrast RISC and CISC

8 Write the stages in ARM 7 Pipeline.

9Distinguish between Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

10 Write the characteristics of Instruction set.

11.What is Trap and common use of Trap.

12.What is Supervisor mode

13.What is Branch Penality

14.Write any three differences between embedded system and a personal computer.

15.What is a Load Store Architecture .why ARM processor follows this architecture.

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Explain the process of Embedded system design, with suitable example

2 What are the different data operations and flow control operations of ARM Processor

3 Explain the design process of Elevator controller

4 What are the characteristics of embedded system applications? Explain

5 Explain the details for requirements and specifications of model train controller

6 Explain Top-down and bottom up approach of an embedded system design process with example

Unit 2

Syllabus

CPU's:Programming Input and output.Supervisor mode, exceptions, traps,Co-processors, Memory system Mechanisms, CPU Performance, CPU Power Consumption Computing Platforms:Basic Computing Platforms,the CPU bus,memory device and system,consumer electronics architecture,platform level performance analysis ,design example.

Text Book: Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design-Wayne Wolf

Part-A(University Questions)

1 Define Busy wait-I/O with suitable programming

2 What are the different categories of programming Input and Output

3 Why do most computers use memory mapped I/O

4 Define pipeline stalls how it affect the CPU Performance

5 define Branch Penalty in ARM Processor

6 What is Super scalar Execution

7 What is instruction level parallelism

8 Name three mechanism by which a CMOS microprocessor consumes power.

9 Write the steps in four cycle Hand shake protocol used for Bus Organization

10 Define Co-processor, Unified Cache Memory and its uses

11 Write the Hardware architecture of a typical computing platform

12.Write the differences between maskable and non maskable interrupt.Give example for each

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Write a note on interrupts in ARM and how ARM processor handles it

2 Write shot notes on

            1. Supervisor mode

            2. Exceptions

            3. Traps

            4. Co-processors

3 Explain cache mechanism and different types of Cache Misses and cache memory organization

4 Explain Memory Management Units and various address translation Mechanisms

5 Explain the three parameters influence CPU Performance or processor performance

6 What is DMA how can the concurrency achieved during DMA

7 Explain Memory organization in ARM and SHARC Processor

8 Write short notes on Multiple Interrupts

9 Explain the advantages of interrupts driven I/O over busy wait I/O with suitable I/O program

10.Explain an I/O interface for copying the characters from input to output with interrupts and buffers

Unit 3

Syllabus

Introduction to Real-Time Operating Systems:Tasks and Task States, Tasks and Data, Semaphores, Shared Data, Message Queues, Mailboxes and Pipes, Timer Functions, Events, Memory Management, InterruptRoutines in an RTOS Environment.

Basic Design Using a Real-Time Operating System: Principles, Semaphores and

Queues, Hard Real-Time Scheduling Considerations, Saving Memory and Power, An

example RTOS like UC-OS(Open Source).

Text Book: An Embedded Software Primer, David E.Simor,Pearson Education Chapter:6,7,8

Part-A(University Questions)

1 Difference between RTOS and normal OS

2 What is the Gray area of re-entrant? Give suitable example?

3 What is a)Priority inversion write the uses of it

                b)Deadly embrace

                 c)Priority inheritance

4 Why pipes are called byte oriented task communication? Give one example

5 List the difference between the

a)      task scheduler and dispatcher

b)      task scheduling and Resource Monitoring

6.What are the different types of semaphores

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Consider task A and B is an interrupt sequence routine (ISR) sharing the variable X, Explain the problems related to sharing the data and its solution?

2 Explain about the rules to be followed by Interrupt routines in an RTOS environment?

3 Explain various methods used for inter task communication

4 Write parameters of CPU usage metric? Write the relation between them and impact of each?

5 Explain RTOS design principles

6 What are the problems arising due to shared data and how can a semaphore be used to solve this problem explain with a program.

7 What is ISR .explain various rules of ISR with example.? (Or) Explain about the rules to be followed by Interrupt routines in an RTOS Enviorment

8 explain various real-time scheduling considerations for saving memory with example

9.explain the advantages and disadvantages of having more number of task in the system.

Unit 4

Syllabus

Multirate systems:priority based scheduling,evaluvating operating system performance

Network and multiprocessor:Network and multiprocessor categories,Distributed embedded processors,MPSoCs and shared memory multiprocessors,Design example.

Text Book: Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design-Wayne Wolf

Part-A(University Questions)

1 what is SOC, MPSOCS? Give examples

2 Draw a bus with DMA controller and explain briefly?

3 List the difference between task scheduler and dispatcher

4 define Multi-rate embedded computing system? Give example?

5 Difference between shared memory and message passing multiprocessor architectures?

6 What are the advantages of rate monotonic scheduling?

7 Explain the process of BUS read write by DMA with timing diagram

8 Write uses of grid based distributed embedded system

9 Write the parameters of CPU metric techniques write the relation between them and impact of each

10. Explain the Bus Bridge operation with a UML State diagram

11.what are the merits and demerits of multiprocessor systems

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Write short notes on I²C Bus protocol

2 What is the specification of CAN Bus? Explain this protocol in detail?

3 write short notes on hard real time scheduling with an example?

4 Explain the following scheduling algorithms with example

a) priority based task scheduling

b) EDF scheduling

c)RMS scheduling

c)EDF Vs RMS

5 explain the architecture of shared memory multiprocessor with example

6What hardware and software factor might be considered when choosing a computing platform

7 Explain the process of scheduling and allocation of on a distributed embedded system with examples

8.Explain about distributed embedded system. And its advantages

9.Explain the use of data structures ,queue, stack and tree in embedded systems

Unit 5

Syllabus

Embedded Software Development Tools:Host and Target machines, Linker/Locators for Embedded Software, Getting Embedded. Software into the Target System,Debugging Techniques: Testing on Host Machine, Using Laboratory Tools, An Example System

Text Book: An Embedded Software Primer, David E.Simor,Pearson Education Chapter:9,10

Part-A(University Questions)

1 Define a)cross-compiler, give one by listing its uses

               b)cross-assembler

               c)assert macro

2 What is locator map? What are the uses of it?

3 List basic techniques for testing and debugging of embedded software

4.What is meant by scaffold code, write its advantages

5.What is the difference between native linker and locator

6.Write the goals of a typical embedded software testing process on the host system

           

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Explain Debugging techniques?

2 What are the goals of testing process? Explain test system process?

3 Explain about instruction set simulator? Which is the software that runs on host?

4 Explain about logic analyser?

5 Explain various ways of getting embedded software in to target system? With examples and suggest the best method for this

6 Explain the tool chain of embedded software system development.

CS 404 PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS STUDENT MANUAL-OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

CS 404 PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

STUDENT MANUAL-OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

UNIT –1

Syllabus

Embedded Computing: Introduction, Complex Systems and Microprocessor; Embedded

System Design Process, Formalisms for System Design, Design Examples. Instruction Set: Preliminaries, ARM Processor

Text Book: Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design-Wayne Wolf

Part-A(University Questions)

1 What is embedded system ?What are the various applications of ES?

2 What are the characteristics and challenges of embedded applications?

3 What is the purpose and format of CPSR, SPSR  in ARM Processor

 List the flags of ARM Processor

4 Write a assembly code segment for ARM Processor to find X=(a+b)-c

5 Compare and contrast top-down and bottom-up design

6 Difference between Von Neuman and Harvard Architecture

7 Compare and contrast RISC and CISC

8 Write the stages in ARM 7 Pipeline.

9Distinguish between Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

10 Write the characteristics of Instruction set.

11.What is Trap and common use of Trap.

12.What is Supervisor mode

13.What is Branch Penality

14.Write any three differences between embedded system and a personal computer.

15.What is a Load Store Architecture .why ARM processor follows this architecture.

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Explain the process of Embedded system design, with suitable example

2 What are the different data operations and flow control operations of ARM Processor

3 Explain the design process of Elevator controller

4 What are the characteristics of embedded system applications? Explain

5 Explain the details for requirements and specifications of model train controller

6 Explain Top-down and bottom up approach of an embedded system design process with example

Unit 2

Syllabus

CPU's:Programming Input and output.Supervisor mode, exceptions, traps,Co-processors, Memory system Mechanisms, CPU Performance, CPU Power Consumption Computing Platforms:Basic Computing Platforms,the CPU bus,memory device and system,consumer electronics architecture,platform level performance analysis ,design example.

Text Book: Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design-Wayne Wolf

Part-A(University Questions)

1 Define Busy wait-I/O with suitable programming

2 What are the different categories of programming Input and Output

3 Why do most computers use memory mapped I/O

4 Define pipeline stalls how it affect the CPU Performance

5 define Branch Penalty in ARM Processor

6 What is Super scalar Execution

7 What is instruction level parallelism

8 Name three mechanism by which a CMOS microprocessor consumes power.

9 Write the steps in four cycle Hand shake protocol used for Bus Organization

10 Define Co-processor, Unified Cache Memory and its uses

11 Write the Hardware architecture of a typical computing platform

12.Write the differences between maskable and non maskable interrupt.Give example for each

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Write a note on interrupts in ARM and how ARM processor handles it

2 Write shot notes on

            1. Supervisor mode

            2. Exceptions

            3. Traps

            4. Co-processors

3 Explain cache mechanism and different types of Cache Misses and cache memory organization

4 Explain Memory Management Units and various address translation Mechanisms

5 Explain the three parameters influence CPU Performance or processor performance

6 What is DMA how can the concurrency achieved during DMA

7 Explain Memory organization in ARM and SHARC Processor

8 Write short notes on Multiple Interrupts

9 Explain the advantages of interrupts driven I/O over busy wait I/O with suitable I/O program

10.Explain an I/O interface for copying the characters from input to output with interrupts and buffers

Unit 3

Syllabus

Introduction to Real-Time Operating Systems:Tasks and Task States, Tasks and Data, Semaphores, Shared Data, Message Queues, Mailboxes and Pipes, Timer Functions, Events, Memory Management, InterruptRoutines in an RTOS Environment.

Basic Design Using a Real-Time Operating System: Principles, Semaphores and

Queues, Hard Real-Time Scheduling Considerations, Saving Memory and Power, An

example RTOS like UC-OS(Open Source).

Text Book: An Embedded Software Primer, David E.Simor,Pearson Education Chapter:6,7,8

Part-A(University Questions)

1 Difference between RTOS and normal OS

2 What is the Gray area of re-entrant? Give suitable example?

3 What is a)Priority inversion write the uses of it

                b)Deadly embrace

                 c)Priority inheritance

4 Why pipes are called byte oriented task communication? Give one example

5 List the difference between the

a)      task scheduler and dispatcher

b)      task scheduling and Resource Monitoring

6.What are the different types of semaphores

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Consider task A and B is an interrupt sequence routine (ISR) sharing the variable X, Explain the problems related to sharing the data and its solution?

2 Explain about the rules to be followed by Interrupt routines in an RTOS environment?

3 Explain various methods used for inter task communication

4 Write parameters of CPU usage metric? Write the relation between them and impact of each?

5 Explain RTOS design principles

6 What are the problems arising due to shared data and how can a semaphore be used to solve this problem explain with a program.

7 What is ISR .explain various rules of ISR with example.? (Or) Explain about the rules to be followed by Interrupt routines in an RTOS Enviorment

8 explain various real-time scheduling considerations for saving memory with example

9.explain the advantages and disadvantages of having more number of task in the system.

Unit 4

Syllabus

Multirate systems:priority based scheduling,evaluvating operating system performance

Network and multiprocessor:Network and multiprocessor categories,Distributed embedded processors,MPSoCs and shared memory multiprocessors,Design example.

Text Book: Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design-Wayne Wolf

Part-A(University Questions)

1 what is SOC, MPSOCS? Give examples

2 Draw a bus with DMA controller and explain briefly?

3 List the difference between task scheduler and dispatcher

4 define Multi-rate embedded computing system? Give example?

5 Difference between shared memory and message passing multiprocessor architectures?

6 What are the advantages of rate monotonic scheduling?

7 Explain the process of BUS read write by DMA with timing diagram

8 Write uses of grid based distributed embedded system

9 Write the parameters of CPU metric techniques write the relation between them and impact of each

10. Explain the Bus Bridge operation with a UML State diagram

11.what are the merits and demerits of multiprocessor systems

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Write short notes on I²C Bus protocol

2 What is the specification of CAN Bus? Explain this protocol in detail?

3 write short notes on hard real time scheduling with an example?

4 Explain the following scheduling algorithms with example

a) priority based task scheduling

b) EDF scheduling

c)RMS scheduling

c)EDF Vs RMS

5 explain the architecture of shared memory multiprocessor with example

6What hardware and software factor might be considered when choosing a computing platform

7 Explain the process of scheduling and allocation of on a distributed embedded system with examples

8.Explain about distributed embedded system. And its advantages

9.Explain the use of data structures ,queue, stack and tree in embedded systems

Unit 5

Syllabus

Embedded Software Development Tools:Host and Target machines, Linker/Locators for Embedded Software, Getting Embedded. Software into the Target System,Debugging Techniques: Testing on Host Machine, Using Laboratory Tools, An Example System

Text Book: An Embedded Software Primer, David E.Simor,Pearson Education Chapter:9,10

Part-A(University Questions)

1 Define a)cross-compiler, give one by listing its uses

               b)cross-assembler

               c)assert macro

2 What is locator map? What are the uses of it?

3 List basic techniques for testing and debugging of embedded software

4.What is meant by scaffold code, write its advantages

5.What is the difference between native linker and locator

6.Write the goals of a typical embedded software testing process on the host system

           

Part-B(University Questions)

1 Explain Debugging techniques?

2 What are the goals of testing process? Explain test system process?

3 Explain about instruction set simulator? Which is the software that runs on host?

4 Explain about logic analyser?

5 Explain various ways of getting embedded software in to target system? With examples and suggest the best method for this

6 Explain the tool chain of embedded software system development.

Microprocessor and Interfacing- Important Questions

Unit:1

1.                   Draw and explain in detail the Block diagram of 8085 Microprocessor unit (MPU) architecture? 

2.                   Draw and explain in detail the Pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor unit (MPU)?

3.                   Draw the Timing diagram and explain IN and OUT Instructions      

Unit:2

1.       Define Steppermotor .Explain the interfacing of a stepper motor to 8085 microprocessor with    necessary circuit diagram. Write an ALP to rotate the stepper motor clockwise direction          

2.       What is stack and stack pointer? List stack related instructions? Explain working of PUSH and POP instruction      

3.       With the help of block diagram explain the internal architecture of IC 8257 DMA controller.                                   

4.       Explain the block diagram of 8259 Programmable interrupt controller. What are its features? Explain the interrupt operation of 8259 in the simplest format.

Unit:3

1.                   Explain the block diagram of 8251A programmable communication interface. What are its features? Explain the various modes 8251 in the simplest format

2.                   With the help of block diagram explain the internal architecture of IC 8255 and describe its working in IO mode.

3.                   Write short note on any one of the following.

(a)    Different working modes of IC 8254

4.                   With the help of block diagram explain the internal architecture of IC 8279 Keyboard / Display interface

Unit:4

1.                   Draw and explain Pin diagram of 8086? Also explain the concept of Memory segmentation in microprocessor with diagram

2.                   Draw and explain the architecture of 8086A

3.                   Define Interrupts and list types of interrupts in 8086

Unit:5

1.       What do you understand by the term Addressing mode ? Explain the Addressing modes supported by 8086 by giving suitable examples.      

2.       Explain the following directives and operators with suitable examples:

i)SEGMENT  ii)ASSUME   iii)DUP    iv)SIZE                 

Microprocessor and Interfacing Assignment:2

Microprocessor and Interfacing Assignment:2

1.       Define Microprocessor. List the features of  8085 Microprocessor

2.       Difference between 8085 and 8086 Microprocessor        

3.       What is interrupt? List hardware interrupts available on 8085     

4.       Write a ALP to perform addition OF TWO 8 bit data 8B H and 6F H                                             

5.       Draw and discuss flag registers of 8085 in brief                                                                                  

6.       List the Rotate instructions of 8085?                                                                                                       

7.       What do you understand by opcode?                                                                                                    

8.       What are Assembler directives?                               

9.       Explain the CMP instruction with the help of an example.                                               

10.   Draw the programming model of  8086 

11.   Explain the physical address formation in 8086                  

12.   Differentiate between Macros and procedures                                                                                  

13.   Difference between Memory Mapped I/O and Peripheral I/O?                                                                    

14.   What do you understand by Program Counter?                                   

15.   Explain the significance of the following:                                                                                                  

i)                    EQU ii) ALIGN     

16.   Explain the operations of Macros                                                                                                                

17.   Determine the physical address resulting from the following instructions:                                               

i)MOV DL,[BP+SI]

Where BP=7000h,SI=0350h,SS=8000h,BX=4FFFh, DS=2000h, DI=6A00h.                                                                 

18.   What is stack and stack pointer?                                                                                                                              

19.   Generate the control word to Set PORT-C7 bits of 8255                                                                 

20.   List the advantages of memory segmentation of 8086                                                                   

21.   Determine the physical address resulting from the following instructions:                                     

i)MOV DL,[BP+SI]

ii) MOV DI,[BX+100h]

iii) SUB BX,AX

iv) MOV[BP+DI+5],AH

v) MOV AL,[5036h]

Where BP=7000h, SI=0350h, SS=8000h, BX=4FFFh, DS=2000h, DI=6A00h.       

22. Write the control word of all the Programmable peripheral Interfacing Chips.

Microprocessor-8085-LARGEST/SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

Microprocessor-8085-LARGEST/SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

LARGEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

AIM:

                To find the largest element in an array.

ALGORITHM:

1. Place all the elements of an array in the consecutive memory locations.
2. Fetch the first element from the memory location and load it in the accumulator.
3. Initialize a counter (register) with the total number of elements in an array.
4. Decrement the counter by 1.
5. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element.
6. Compare the accumulator content with the memory content  (next  element).
7. If the accumulator content is smaller, then move the memory content  (largest element) to the accumulator. Else continue.
8. Decrement the counter by 1.
9. Repeat steps 5 to 8, until the counter reaches zero.
10. Store the result (accumulator content) in the specified memory location.

RESULT:

                Thus the largest number in the given array is found out.

PROGRAM:

ADDRESS	OPCO DE	LABEL	MNEMONICS	OPERAND	COMMENTS
8001			LXI	H,8100	Initialize HL reg. to 8100H
8002
8003
8004			MVI	B,04	Initialize B reg with no. of comparisons (n-1)
8005
8006			MOV	A,M	Transfer first data to acc.
8007		LOOP1	INX	H	Increment HL reg.  to point next memory location
8008			CMP	M	Compare M & A
8009			JNC	LOOP	If A is greater than M then go to loop
800A
800B
800C			MOV	A,M	Transfer data from M to A reg
800D		LOOP	DCR	B	Decrement B reg
800E			JNZ	LOOP1	If B is not Zero go to loop1
800F
8010
8011			STA	8105	Store the result in a memory location.
8012
8013
8014			RST 5		Stop the program

OBSERVATION:

INPUT		OUTPUT
ADDRESS	DATA	ADDRESS		DATA
8100		8105
8101
8102
8103
8104

 SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

AIM:

To find the smallest element in an array.

ALGORITHM:

1. Place all the elements of an array in the consecutive memory locations.
2. Fetch the first element from the memory location and load it in the accumulator.
3. Initialize a counter (register) with the total number of elements in an array.
4. Decrement the counter by 1.
5. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element.
6. Compare the accumulator content with the memory content  (next  element).
7. If the accumulator content is smaller, then move the memory content  (largest element) to the accumulator. Else continue.
8. Decrement the counter by 1.
9. Repeat steps 5 to 8  until the counter reaches zero
10. Store the result (accumulator content) in the specified memory location.

RESULT:

          Thus the smallest number in the given array is found out.

PROGRAM:

ADDRESS	OPCODE	LABEL	MNEMONICS	OPERAND	COMMENTS
8001			LXI	H,8100	Initialize HL reg. to 8100H
8002
8003
8004			MVI	B,04	Initialize B reg with no. of comparisons (n-1)
8005
8006			MOV	A,M	Transfer first data to acc.
8007		LOOP1	INX	H	Increment HL reg.  to point next memory location
8008			CMP	M	Compare M & A
8009			JC	LOOP	If A is lesser than M then go to loop
800A
800B
800C			MOV	A,M	Transfer data from M to A reg
800D		LOOP	DCR	B	Decrement B reg
800E			JNZ	LOOP1	If B is not Zero go to loop1
800F
8010
8011			STA	8105	Store the result in a memory location.
8012
8013
8014			RST 5		Stop the program

OBSERVATION:

INPUT		OUTPUT
ADDRESS	DATA	ADDRESS		DATA
8100		8105
8101
8102
8103
8104